Evaluation of ld 50 of venom, antilethal effects of different extract preparations and their effect on neutralising haemorrhage. Envenoming after carpet viper echis ocellatus bite. Echis carinatus sochurek is a type found in western and northern indian states of gujarat, haryana, punjab, and rajasthan. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Echis ocellatus, known by the common names west african carpet viper and ocellated carpet. It is the smallest member of the big four snakes that are responsible for causing the most snakebite cases and deaths, due to various factors including their frequent occurrence in highly populated regions, and their inconspicuous nature. Various technological approaches are being pursued by different research groups, including the use of small molecule inhibitors against enzymatic toxins as well. The echis sawscaled vipers have a wide african distribution and medical importance.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. The effect of echis coloratus venom on biochemical and molecular markers of the antioxidant capacity in human fibroblasts. The precise incidence of snakebite is difficult to determine and is often grossly underestimated, but in parts of the nigerian savanna its victims may occupy more than 10% of hospital beds. Antisnake venom activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts. No subspecies are currently recognized it is responsible for more human fatalities due to snakebite than all other african species combined. They have a characteristic threat display, rubbing sections of their body together to produce a sizzling warning sound. An antivenom called echitabplusicp is manufactured. Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that causes numerous injuries and deaths worldwide. Snakebite is an epidemic of the rural tropics, which annually affects over 5 million people. Recent advances in next generation snakebite antivenoms.
The proteome composition of echis carinatus carinatus venom ecv from india was studied for the first time by tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Three studies in the 1970s evaluated saimr echis in northern nigeria 32, 33, 34, where echis ocellatus is a frequent cause of envenoming. Profuse and persistent bleeding from incisions, performed as an illadvised first aid method after a bite by a sawscaled viper echis ocellatus near gombe, nigeria. Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency itis teams. Echis carinatus is a venomous viper species found in parts of the middle east and central asia, and especially the indian subcontinent. Echis ocellatus snake bites are serious emergencies with mortality rates in ghana as high as 11% visser and kyeifaried, 2003 to 17% swiecicki, 1965. The special issue covers a wide range of topics, including the molecular evolution and structure of snake venom metalloproteinases svmps, the mechanisms involved in the generation of diversity of svmps, the mechanism of action of svmps, and their role. Molecular cloning of echis ocellatus disintegrins reveals non. Interestingly, the relative abundance of svmp in ecv varies significantly depending on the. Hypertension and nigeria pdf presentation and pattern of childhood renal diseases in gusau, northwestern nigeria b garba, m sakajiki, a obasi, a adeniji south african journal of child health, 2017. Partial purification and characterization of phospholipase. Snake antivenom for sub sharan africa echitabg pdf, world health organization, 20 june 2019, retrieved 14. On admission to the hospital 20 hours after the bite, the hematocrit was only 15%. Echis ocellatus is one of the most deadly snakes known to humans, yet the procurement of antivenom forthe treatment of these snakebites in africa has become increasingly difficult and expensive.
Who a multicomponent strategy to improve the availability. Within the family of viperidae the venoms of echis coloratus and echis carinatus were among the first to be recognized to contain prothrombin activating principles. Molecular cloning of echis ocellatus disintegrins reveals. The cdnas consisted of 822 nucleotides figures figures1 1 and 2a and were predicted to encode an open reading frame proteins of 264 amino acids 28. Proteomics and antivenomics of echis carinatus carinatus.
In sudan, as in many african countries, no local specific antivenom is manufactured resulting in snake bite victims being treated by antivenoms imported from abroad. Echis ocellatus is a venomous viper species found mainly in west africa. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 2003 97, 693696 snakebite in northern cameroon. Its venom induces functional alteration of many systems and organs which may lead to death. The effect of echis coloratus venom on biochemical and molecular markers of the antioxidant capacity in human fibroblasts hazem k. Echis carinatus is the family of echis vipers found in the indian subcontinent in india, sri lanka, bangladesh, iran, and afghanistan. Envenoming after carpet viper echis ocellatus bite during. Pooled samples were used to account for an y potential venom variation between individuals due to. Ecarin, the prothrombin activating enzyme in echis carinatus venom, was purified to homogeneity in 1978 4 and was found to be a single chain metalloproteinase that activates prothrombin by cleavage of a single peptide bond at arg322ile323 4. Pcr screening of the echis ocellatus venom gland cdna libraries resulted in a total of 14 e.
Echis species is thought to be responsible for more snakebite deaths. This page was last edited on 19 january 2012, at 04. Snakebite envenomations are an actual neglected public health issue in tropical regions, specifically in northern benin, because of their high incidence and severity of clinical presentations 1, 2. Different assays were performed to evaluate the plants acute toxicity and its antisnake venom activities. Echis carinatus ocellatus stemmler 1970 echis carinatus pyramidum papenfuss 1969 echis ocellatus welch 1994. In the present work we measured the cytotoxic effect of the recently described spitting cobra naja nubiae and the carpet viper echis ocellatus snake venoms using a cell based assay. Echis ocellatus english african saw scaled viper, ocellated carpet viper, west african carpet viper, west african saw scaled viper, german augenfleck sandrasselotter, westafrikanische augenfleck sandrasselotter ref.
Bites by sawscaled or carpet vipers echis ocellatus are frequent in the savanna. The effects of the four antivenoms on the venom concentrations that caused 100% ic 100 and 50% ic 50 cell death are shown in figure 3. Echis pyramidum dutch egyptische zaagschubadder, english carpet viper, cherlins saw scaled viper, east african carpet viper, egyptian carpet viper, egyptian saw scaled viper, geoffroys carpet viper, kenyan carpet viper, kenyan saw scaled viper, north east african carpet viper, red carpet viper, saw scaled viper, french echide des pyramides, echnide carenee, vipere des pyramides, german. With the inclusion of snakebite envenoming on the world health organizations list of neglected tropical diseases, an incentive has been established to promote research and development effort in novel snakebite antivenom therapies. It is responsible for more human fatalities due to snakebite than all other african species combined. Echis ocellatus, known by the common names west african carpet viper and ocellated carpet viper, is a venomous species of viper endemic to west africa. Preclinical assays predict panafrican echis viper efficacy for a.
Preclinical assays predict panafrican echis viper efficacy. Serineproteasevariantsencodedbyechisocellatusvenomgland. Partial purification and characterization of phospholipase a2. Pdf preclinical assays predict panafrican echis viper efficacy. It is difficult to treat because antivenom is unaffordable, not accessible in remote areas, and specific for each individual type of snake. After ensuring the patient and onlookers have moved out of range of further strikes by the snake, the bitten person should be reassured and persuaded to lie down and remain still. In search of readily available treatments, albulescu et al. Failure of a new antivenom to treat echis ocellatus snake. Viper venoms contain an abundance of proteins that disrupt the coagulation cascade, the normal hemostatic system and tissue repair. There is no consensus for the management of victims, and little is known of actual recent experiences with these cases in ordinary health care settings in africa. Reviewing evidence of the clinical effectiveness of.
All the dimeric disintegrin subunit messengers belong to the shortcoding class, indicating that short messengers may be more widely distributed than previously thought. First aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site see listing in comments section. Envenoming by echis sawscaled viper is the leading cause of death and morbidity in africa due to snake bite. In an effort to maximise the clinical utility of scarce antivenom resources in africa, we aimed to ascertain, at the preclinical level, to what extent the e. Comparative venom gland transcriptome surveys of the sawscaled. However, only partial efficacy in neutralizing the cytotoxic effect of e. Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. Journal of toxicology hindawi publishing corporation.
An in vivo examination of the differences between rapid. Wilderness medicine an overview sciencedirect topics. Fulltext html pdf successful management of two patients with intracranial hemorrhage due to carpet viper echis ocellatus envenomation in a limitedresource environment jordan m. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. Echis are responsible for many serious bites with lethal outcome. We report the cloning and sequence analysis of echis ocellatus cdnas coding for dimeric disintegrin subunits and for the short disintegrin ocellatusin.
In captivity, both male and female clean a suitable spawning site often a flat rock, or branches, or in a circular nest excavated in shallow water ref. Research article cytotoxiciy of naja nubiae serpentes. Autotransfusion for a haemothorax complicating an echis. The objective of the study is to investigate whether the hibiscus aethiopicus l. Preclinical validation of a repurposed metal chelator as. The effect of echis coloratus venom on biochemical and molecular markers of. Egg hatch in 3 or 4 days and parent move the fry to a shallow pit in the sand where they remain for 6 or 7 days ref. African sawscaled viper, west african carpet viper. In the present study all enzyme activities were expressed in terms of cellular protein, however the. Group one served as the normal control, group two served as venom untreated control while groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 were injected with 0. Clinical toxinology resources website provides information on venoms, toxins, antivenoms, diagnosis, treatment and emergency medicine, for snakebite, spiderbite, envenoming and poisoning by animals, plants, mushrooms. Echis ocellatus bite is a risk factor for renal damage indicated by an elevated serum creatinine, thus health authorities should make echitabg antivenom freely available in health facilities and administered as quickly as possible to reduce the risk of renal damage in echis ocellatus biteprone areas. In a randomised controlled trial 34, the antivenom was found more effective in the treatment of carpet viper envenomings than a polyspecific antivenom then manufactured by behringwerke. While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in.
Echis ocellatus is one of the most deadly snakes known to humans, yet the procurement of. These little snakes can be very aggressive and strike easily. Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis. Envenoming resulting from snake bites is an important public health hazard in many regions, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries 1, 2. Burtons carpet viper is the name given to echis coloratus or painted sawscaled viper of eastern egypt, palestine, syria and israel. There is no consensus for the management of victims, and little is known of actual recent experiences with these cases in ordinary health care settings.
Serine protease variants encoded by echis ocellatus venom. The name echis is the latin transliteration of the greek word for viper. Since other echis species represent public health concerns elsewhere in africa, the objective of this study was to examine the preclinical intrageneric venomneutralising efficacy of. Partial purification and characterization of phospholipase a 2 inhibitor from echis ocellatus serum. Viperidae venoms from sudan hudakhalid, 1 maowiamohammedmukhtar, 2 andnickikonstantakopoulos 3 faculty of science, university of khartoum, p. Benjamin, jeanphilippe chippaux, bio tamousambo, olouchegoun cardinal akpakpa, achille massougbodji. This page was last edited on 28 october 2016, at 19. An antivenom called echitabplusicp is manufactured by the costa rican instituto clodomiro picado and. Truly chilling facts about the carpet viper sawscaled viper.
The effect of echis coloratus venom on biochemical and. Contribution of ultrasonography to the diagnosis of. These findings are in broad agreement with previous studies which reported that echis pyramidum, echis ocellatus and naja haje envenomation of rats and mice caused significant decreases of hepatic and renal gpx, cat and sod activities 2225. The sawscaled viper, echis ocellatus, is responsible for most. Westafrikanische augenflecksandrasselotter english. Pdf table of contents submit journal of toxins 2015 article.
Preclinical assays predict panafrican echisviper efficacy for a speciesspecific antivenom nicholas r. Proteomics and antivenomics of echis carinatus carinatus venom. Ghneim chair of medical and molecular genetics research, department of clinical laboratory sciences, college of applied medical sciences, king saud university, riyadh, saudi arabia abstract. Harrison1 1alistair reid venom research unit, liverpool school of tropical medicine, liverpool, united kingdom, 2school of biological sciences, bangor university, environment. Survivors are often afflicted by psychological disorders e. Preclinical validation of a repurposed metal chelator as an. In northern benin, over 70 % of envenomations are due to echis ocellatus west african carpet viper, a small and particularly abundant viper whose venom contains hemorrhagins and prothrombin. The ocellated carpet viper or echis ocellatus inhabits the countries of senegal, gambia, and gulf of guinea in the african continent. Echis coloratus is a venomous viper species native to several middle eastern countries including saudi arabia and egypt. Three studies in the 1970s evaluated saimrechis in northern nigeria 32, 33, 34, where echis ocellatus is a frequent cause of envenoming. To determine the antisnake venom effect of crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts and separated fractions of crinum jagus bulb on rats injected with echis ocellatus venom. Preclinical assays predict panafrican echisviper efficacy.